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Authors
Jin, Chao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9628-9480
Liu, Ying https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7179-7099
Yang, Yanping
Niu, Jinpeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1804-3565
Yu, Jiangtao
Li, Wei
Fan, Chunhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-085X
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Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: All study procedures involving human participants followed institutional and/or national research committee ethical standards and the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study has been approved by the Academic and Ethics Committee of Southwest University. The OECD has officially conducted the ethical norms for all participating countries/economies in SSES 2019. The individual participants received in-depth information about SSES 2019 and provided their informed consent upon participation prior to the study. The informed consent to participate was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of any participant under the age of 16. The students and principals were voluntary to participate in SSES 2019, and they could withdraw upon their own decision. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
