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Article History

Received: 3 September 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Change Date: 1 April 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Please add Xuran Cao and Yaxin Du contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

Declarations

:

: All experimental protocols were approved by the research ethics committee in the Faculty of Psychology at Tianjin Normal University, and the reference number of the ethics approval is ‘2024061225’. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.