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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Liaoning Normal University. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent revisions, as well as the institutional guidelines established by the university’s ethics board. Before initiating data collection, all participating students and their legal guardians were provided with detailed written information outlining the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, voluntary nature of participation, and assurances of confidentiality, in strict adherence to institutional ethical standards. Informed consent was formally obtained from both groups. To uphold participants’ anonymity and safeguard their privacy, identifying information -- such as names or signatures -- was not required on the consent forms. Participants were clearly informed that they could discontinue their involvement at any point without any negative repercussions. In cases where matched data from students and parents were collected, individualized consent was sought from each party separately, with participation proceeding only when consent was granted by both the adolescent and their guardian.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.