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Authors
Andres, Fabienne E.
Thornborrow, Tracey
Bowie, Wienis N.
Gonzalez, Malcolm
Evans, Elizabeth H.
Boothroyd, Lynda G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (217399/Z/19/Z)
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: All data were collected in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was received from the Department of Psychology Ethics Sub-committee at Durham University (reference PSYCH-2020-08-20T11:47:35-dfls13). Data collection in Nicaragua was also approved by the regional office of the Ministry of Education (Ministerio de Educación, MINED; no file number given). In line with local protocol, head teachers gave informed consent for their students to participate. Parents were informed about the study via flyers and communal meetings and could opt-out their children from participating if desired. Students gave written informed assent before completing the questionnaires.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
