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Authors
Wang, Miaomiao
Han, Bingxue
Liu, Yuxi
Teng, Shuai
Jia, Liping
Lu, Guohua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Provincial Social Science Planning Research Project (24DJYJ20)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Weifang Medical University (ref: 2019SL038). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation, including consent for data collection, analysis, and publication of anonymized data. The facial images used in this study were sourced from the CFAPS, a standardized, publicly available database that does not contain personally identifiable information. No patient names, medical records, or other identifying details were collected, stored, or published in this study.Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
