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Authors
Kumar, Divya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-3972
Soremekun, Seyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5531-0220
Roy, Reetabrata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1430-369X
Bhopal, Sunil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1229-781X
Verma, Deepali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-0124
Sharma, Kamal Kant
Batura, Neha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-8125
Divan, Gauri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-8358
Kirkwood, Betty Rosamund https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5274-6072
Avan, Bilal Iqbal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-4508
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust Programme Grant, United Kingdom
World Bank Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund, United States
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study involving human participants was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1964. Ethical approval was granted by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine research ethics committee, UK (SPRING: 23 June 2011, approval number 5983; for secondary analysis of the SPRING data: 14 November 2017, approval number 14445) and from Sangath Institutional Review Board, India (SPRING: 19 February 2014). The study also received approval from the Indian Council of Medical Research’s Health Ministry Screening Committee (HMSC) (SPRING: 24 November 2014).Participating mothers in the research (SPRING trial) provided informed consent twice - at the enrolment stage and the beginning of the outcome assessment phase.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
