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Authors
Cui, Haiyan
Xiong, Yucai
Gong, Jiajia
Zhao, Jinghui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Ministry of Education Youth Fund Project for Humanities and Social Sciences Research (23YJC880152)
the Ministry of Education Youth Fund Project for Humanities and Social Sciences Research (23YJC880152)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Review Committee (IRB) of Education School, Guangzhou University (Protocol Number: GZHUSE2025003). The process of this study strictly adheres to the ethical requirements for research involving minors, ensuring that the participation of 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers is based on the informed consent of their parents or legal guardians. All participants provided informed consent before participation. Data were kept confidential and processed anonymously.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
