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Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance, Vietnam (Approval Reference No.: 720-QD-UEF). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights as participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. No personally identifiable information was collected or stored.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.