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Authors
Hsieh, Chuan-Chung
Bali, Sandrotua
Li, Hui-Chieh
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Tsing Hua University
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki 1964. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Ethics approval was not required as per institutional guidelines and Taiwan’s national regulations. This study involved only online and paper–pencil surveys and did not include human clinical trials or animal experiments, placing it outside the scope of mandatory IRB review. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, assured that their responses would be kept confidential, and provided consent prior to participating. As specified by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare’s Human Subjects Research Act (Public Notice No. MOHW-Medical-1010265075, July 5, 2012), studies of this nature are exempt from further ethics board approval.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
