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Article History

Received: 31 January 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Business School of Shandong Normal University. (Approval No. BSSDNU110719). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the survey and all participants were informed of the right to withdraw participation at any time.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.