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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (20J23096)
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Article History
Received: 23 March 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee for Research on Human Subjects, Waseda University (Approval No. 2017 − 113). All participants provided written informed consent, and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was not pre-registered. All analysis scripts, post-hoc power simulations, and task materials (including Japanese originals and English translations of the instructions) are openly available at the Supplementary Materials. AI-assisted tools (ChatGPT, GPT-5; and Grammarly) were used for proofreading and wording refinement only; no content generation, data analysis, or interpretation was conducted by AI. All final conceptual, analytical, and interpretative decisions were made by the authors.
