Funding for this research was provided by:
the Shanghai Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Science
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The study was submitted and approved by the University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) of East China Normal University, which serves as the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for the university, in accordance with the Nuremburg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report. The approval was granted prior to the commencement of the study (Reference Number: HR2-0183-2021). In compliance with the UCHRP, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.