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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This research had institutional approval to conduct the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the Hamidiye Scientific Research Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences (Record No: 20/285; Protocol No: E.26060) in August 7, 2020. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study. As all participating children were under the age of 16, written informed consent for their participation was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. In this study, all children lived with both of their married parents, and both mothers and fathers were the legal guardians of the children. Since the study was conducted with fathers, the written consent for children’s participation was obtained from the fathers. In addition, since the fathers themselves participated in the study, written informed consent was also obtained for their participation. All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.