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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No. 2024116). The informed consent form is displayed on the first page of the questionnaire and clearly outlines the study’s purpose, the use of data exclusively for academic research, and participants’ right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Participation proceeds only after individuals provide explicit consent by continuing to the subsequent sections. Data protection measures are implemented as follows: (1) Anonymization: all identifying information, including IP addresses, is removed, and questionnaire IDs are permanently decoupled from personal identifiers such as names and student IDs; (2) Data access control: raw data are accessible solely to authorized members of the research team. No minors were involved in this study.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.