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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Psychology at Northwest Normal University (Approval No. 2023093), which included provisions for obtaining participant assent and parental consent. These approvals and registration ensure the ethical compliance of the research, as well as the protection and respect of the participants’ rights. We hereby confirm that all experimental details comply with the requirements and recommendations of the institution. We obtained informed consent from all individual participants included in the study. As the study involves participants under the age of 18, We ensure to provide a statement confirming that informed consent was obtained from their respective guardians.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.