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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Wuhan College (Approval No.: WHC-2022-078, dated March 15, 2022). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and relevant Chinese regulations for research involving human participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 18 and above. For participants under 18 years ( n  = 226, 12.3% of sample), both written parental consent and participant assent were obtained. All consent documents explicitly described the study purposes, procedures, potential risks and benefits, voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality measures, and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants were assured that their decision to participate or withdraw would not affect their academic standing or access to university services. Consent records are securely stored in locked filing cabinets and will be retained for 7 years per institutional data retention policies. The study protocol included provisions for referring participants showing signs of significant distress to university counseling services, with established referral pathways and follow-up procedures.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.