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Authors
Tian, Qi
Huang, Yinpin
Xiong, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. 24Z266)
Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press (No. 202515078HB)
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Jingchu University of Technology (protocol code 24Z266/2024; 22 December 2024). Participation was voluntary. Before accessing any survey items, all potential participants viewed an information page on the Wenjuanxing (Questionnaire Star) platform describing the study’s purpose, procedures, confidentiality, and voluntariness. Only those who clicked “Yes” (I agree to participate) could proceed to the questionnaire; otherwise, they exited. Accordingly, informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
