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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research obtained the informed consent of the participants before completing the questionnaires (or of their parents or legal guardians in the case of children under 16 years of age). Likewise, consent was obtained from all participating schools. This research complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and did not require the approval of an ethics committee due to its observational epidemiological nature, in which no intervention on the participants was carried out and no clinical or biological variables were manipulated.Following the guidelines of the ‘Guidelines for requesting the assessment of the ethical suitability of a research project’ of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Deusto (CEI-UD), this research is exempt from this committee, as it is a study with anonymous data that does not entail any risk for the participants when answering the questionnaire.This research does not deal with personal data (European Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and Ley Orgánica 2/2018 de 5 de diciembre de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales), as the information is managed anonymously and it is not possible to identify the natural person or reverse the process to identify them, conserving the information in such a way as to prevent their identification. The information obtained cannot be associated with an identified or identifiable person.The study was carried out through the application of completely anonymous questionnaires, guaranteeing the confidentiality and privacy of personal data. Moreover, as in other research of this nature [ – ], the legal and ethical procedures in force were strictly followed, including obtaining the signed consent of the schools and the parents or legal guardians of the participating students, thus ensuring compliance with data protection regulations and the rights of the minors involved.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.