Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 August 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee on Human Subjects at Waseda University (approval number: 2023-007). All procedures comply with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments. All participants were fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, told that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without penalty, and provided their informed consent. The questionnaires were completed anonymously, and all data were used solely for research purposes. For the follow-up survey and data matching, participants were asked to provide their email addresses and the last four digits of their mobile phone numbers, and assured that this information would be used only for the stated research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.