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Authors
Zhang, Yang
Suo, Xingbo
Xu, Jingjing
Li, Wu
Wang, Xinqi
Xu, Wangwang
Pan, Liangke
Wang, Jingxue
Gao, Jin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qingdao Science and Technology Benefit People Program; Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province.
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Daizhuang Hospital (Approval No. 202201KS-1). Participants were completely voluntary, anonymous, and based on written informed consent from the participants and their guardians, with the right to withdraw from the study at any time. To ensure participants’ privacy, all data collected was de-identified, and no personally identifiable information was collected or stored. Individual privacy was properly protected during survey administration and data processing.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
