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Article History

Received: 30 April 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical permission to conduct this was granted by both the Turan Astana University, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Education and Science. While the Faculty of the Social Science Research Committee of the affiliated institution issued the ethical approval number: FSSRECENU05-09–2024. The authors adhered to all the terms as contained in the institutional guidelines and in accordance with the international ethics of research as applicable to human participants.The school principals were notified, and their permission was obtained. For participants aged 14, informed consent forms were sent to their parents/guardians a week before distributing the questionnaires, requesting their signature. Adult participants (18–22 years old) provided consent by indicating their interest and signing the informed consent form. All participants were assured that the data collected would be used solely for research purposes and kept confidential. They were also informed that there were no right or wrong answers, as their responses reflected their self-perceived potentials. The authors reiterated that the data would be used exclusively for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.