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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Zhengzhou University, China (Protocol No. E-Z-2025001; approved July 21, 2025), which served as the host institution. All procedures followed established ethical standards, and informed verbal and written consent was obtained from participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964).Informed consent was obtained from all participants on a voluntary basis after clearly explaining the study’s purpose, confidentiality measures, and anonymous nature. Participants faced no risks or compensation, and returning the completed questionnaire constituted informed consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.