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Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in strict compliance with the ethical norms of scientific research and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University. During the course of the study, all subjects and their parents or legal guardians were fully informed of the purpose, process and potential risks of the study, and obtain written informed consent from all participants and their parents or guardians.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.