Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was classified as minimal-risk educational research conducted within the context of regular instructional activities. All participants were fully informed about the aims, procedures, and scope of the study prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study. Participants were assured that confidentiality and anonymity would be strictly maintained and that all data would be used exclusively for research purposes. They were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any academic or personal consequences.In accordance with the institutional and national regulations governing educational research in Ethiopia, formal ethical approval was not required for this type of minimal-risk study. The requirement for ethics review was therefore waived in line with the research ethics regulations of Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, as the study did not involve medical or psychological intervention, vulnerable populations, or the collection of sensitive personal data. Nevertheless, all research procedures adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964, as revised) and comparable international ethical guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.