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Authors
Truong, Ngoc-Anh
Pityaratstian, Nuttorn
Lam, Thanh Nghia
Do, Tat Thien
Nguyen Thi, Huynh Nhu
Tran, Anh Ngoc
Nguyen, Thi Thu Suong
Prasartpornsirichoke, Jirada
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
THE 90TH Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
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: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association (APA) regarding research involving human participants. They also got IRB approval from both the Research Ethics Committee for Social Sciences and Humanities of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, with the approval number No. ECSH-2024-001, and the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, with the approval number of COA No. 1644/2024.Before participation, all students received detailed written and verbal information about the study. Written informed assent was obtained from all adolescent participants. For participants under 18 years of age (including all students aged 11–17 years in the present study), written informed consent was additionally obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
