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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol received ethical clearance from the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ethics Committee (Reference: LREC/06/10/1295). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents/legal guardians of all participants, and written assent was obtained from the participating adolescents prior to data collection.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain data relating to any individual person in an identifiable form (e.g., individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. No author has financial relationships with commercial entities, stocks, shares, equity, employment contracts, or board positions with organizations relevant to this work. No author has received payments, honoraria, or other benefits from organizations with interests related to this research within the past 3 years.