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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Shanghai University of Sport Scientific Research Ethics Committee (protocol code: 102772024RT155; approval date: December 9, 2024). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. Eligible participants were adults (aged 18 years or older), classified as either university students or working adults, and to have no severe cognitive or psychiatric impairments.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.