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Authors
Ma, Yanbo
Hashemifardnia, Arash https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-5003
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Article History
Received: 23 November 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of Melal English Language Institution, Iran. Under the institution’s policies and national regulations, the study fell under minimal-risk educational research and therefore did not require formal IRB approval. The research involved non-invasive, survey-based data collection, did not gather sensitive personal information, and ensured participant anonymity at all stages.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
