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Article History

Received: 25 December 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was granted by the Committee for Protecting Human and Animal Subjects, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University (approval number: #2024–10-14), in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was collected from all study participants before data collection.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Hofmann receives financial support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (as part of the Alexander von Humboldt Professur), the Hessische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (as part of the LOEWE Spitzenprofessur), the DYNAMIC center, funded by the LOEWE program of the Hessian Ministry of Science and Arts (Grant Number: LOEWE1/16/519/03/09.001(0009)/98), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 521379614 – TRR 393SFB/Transregio 393 and the Excellence Cluster EXC3066 “The Adaptive Mind”. He also receives compensation for his work as editor from SpringerNature and royalties and payments for his work from various publishers.”Other authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.