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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for our study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, where one of the researchers is employed Protocol No: 9, Date: February 7, 2025). Participants also provided informed consent via the online survey platform in line with the IRB protocol. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The committee ensured that the research posed no harm to participants and that all procedures adhered to relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were briefed on the study’s objectives, given the chance to seek clarification, and freely consented to participate with the understanding of their right to withdraw at any time without explanation or repercussions in line with the IRB protocol.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.