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Authors
Xu, Xiaomeng
Ding, Yun
Zhang, Yaohua
Xu, Min
Huang, Yunyun
Chang, Song https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5595-2986
Xin, Sufei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-9829
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project (No. 23YJC880119)
The Shandong Provincial Social Science Planning Project (No. 24DJYJ06)
The Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. sDCX-RS-202400006)
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines and regulations outlined in the Helsinki Declaration regarding the involvement of human participants. The research protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Ludong University (ES002510). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, or in the case of participants under 18 years of age, from their parent and/or legal guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
