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Article History

Received: 17 January 2026

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Human Research Ethics Committee at the School of Art and Design, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics (Approval No.: EA-2025037; Date: April 19, 2025). The review confirmed that the study used anonymized survey data, protected participants from harm, and did not involve experiments on humans or the use of human tissue samples. Additionally, the study did not intrude on sensitive personal information or commercial interests. It followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments, ensuring that all procedures complied with relevant Chinese regulations. Furthermore, all participants were adults (according to Chinese labor laws) and provided electronic informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.