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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Gongshang University (Reference Number: IRB-2024-ZGSU-AED-001). Prior to data collection, we obtained institutional review board approval ensuring the study design met established standards for human subjects research. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. For participants under 18 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from both the participants and their legal guardians. Information sheets detailed the study's purposes, procedures, potential risks and benefits, voluntary nature of participation, and data confidentiality protections. Participants were informed that participation or withdrawal decisions would not affect their educational standing or relationships with their teachers. All collected data were anonymized through code assignments, with identifying information stored separately in password-protected files accessible only to research personnel. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations governing human subjects research in educational contexts.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included.

: The authors declare no competing interests.