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Article History

Received: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hanyang University (IRB Protocol Number: HYU-2023-0247-R2, approved on March 15, 2024). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.The study protocol was also reviewed and approved by the Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number: SMG-REC-2024-085, approved on April 2, 2024) due to the use of public urban spaces for the intervention. Additional approval for GPS tracking and physiological data collection was obtained from the Korea National Institute of Health Research Ethics Review Board (Approval Number: KNIH-2024-HR-156, approved on April 18, 2024). All data collection procedures adhered to Korean personal information protection laws and international guidelines for human subjects research.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). All data presented are aggregated and anonymized, ensuring that no individual participants can be identified.

: The authors declare no competing interests.