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Authors
Lei, Yaqi
Chen, Yuxiao
Feng, Haiyang
Shi, Yuxuan
Yu, Qiurui
Tarimo, Clifford Silver
Yang, Yinmei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education, China (23YJC790010)
the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education, China (24YJCZH385)
the Soft Science Research Program Project in Henan Province (252400410582)
National Social Science Fund of China (25CSH070)
the Humanities and Social Science Research in Henan Province (2024CJY081)
the Social Sciences Federation in Henan Province (SKL-2025-286)
the Undergraduate Innovation Training Project of Zhengzhou University (202510459066)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: Institutional Review Board of Zhengzhou University approved the study procedure (ZZUIRB2023-218). All procedures conducted in this work involving human participants adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians. Prior to data collection, guardians received a comprehensive study information sheet detailing the research objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and confidentiality assurances. They were required to return a signed consent form to indicate their permission for their child’s participation. On the day of the survey, students were briefed on the study’s purpose, their right to withdraw at any time, and the voluntary nature of their involvement. Written assent was obtained from each student prior to questionnaire completion.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
