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Authors
Tuo, Zhan Thor https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8869-4436
Li, Ming Milano https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3401-7104
Li, Dianshi Moses https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3469-2917
Ju, Qinru Ruby https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-9056
Zhao, Yingjie Jay https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7022-2936
Chang, Yugang https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7573-1682
Liu, Jianhong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-9283
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Plano de Investimentos e Despesas de Desenvolvimento da Administração (P-PIDDA-01/FLL/2023)
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2024
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Research Ethics Committee of Chongqing Juvenile Crime Prevention Research Association, China; Approval No.: EC 096-2024) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The use of all methods of this study was strictly followed the research guidelines and regulations of Chongqing Juvenile Crime Prevention Research Association, China. The informed consent letter was presented to participants, their teachers, and Special School authorities before completing the items on the questionnaire. Only if the participants, their teachers, and Special School authorities read the informed consent letter and agree to participate in this study, the participants would be presented with questionnaires and make responses.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
