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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

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: The researcher ensured full compliance with ethical standards governing educational research. Formal approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) at King Faisal University [Reference number: [ETHICS3345], in addition to the necessary administrative permissions from relevant educational authorities. This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association) for research involving human participants. The research design was structured to minimize potential risks by ensuring anonymity and confidentiality. All participants provided informed consent by reading and signing an informed consent form that clearly stated their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. As all participants were over 16 years of age, they signed the consent form themselves. Participants’ names were anonymized, and each was assigned a unique identification code. They were also assured that all collected data would be used exclusively for research purposes and handled with strict confidentiality throughout the study. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the study, such as advancing educational research, informing policy development, and improving practical interventions related to HOH students, were considered to outweigh any minimal risks associated with participation.

: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.