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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Qufu Normal University (Reference Number: IRB-2023-EDU-078). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations governing educational research in the People’s Republic of China. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty, and all data were collected and stored in compliance with data protection regulations.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included in this manuscript. All data have been reported in aggregate form to protect participant confidentiality. Since no identifying images or personal details of participants are presented that could compromise anonymity, individual consent for publication from participants is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.