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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Applicable.According to institutional guidelines and Indonesian national regulations, ethical approval is required for minimal-risk educational research involving anonymous questionnaire data. The Komisi Etik Penelitian , Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak (Ethics Committee for Research, Muhammadiyah University of Pontianak) confirmed that this study did require formal review. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. .All respondents gave their informed and written consent to participate in this study, with the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. At the beginning of the research instrument, a brief explanation of the study objectives was included, along with assurances that participants’ identities would be kept confidential through an anonymous questionnaire system. During the research process, participants did not experience any risks or harm, and they could discontinue their involvement at any time. Written consent was obtained from both the participants and their legal guardians. The authors also affirm that there were no conflicts of interest in the implementation or reporting of this study. This research was fully funded by the Kementrian Pendidikan Tinggi Riset dan Teknologi (Kemdikti Saintek) under Contract Number 23/LL11/KM/2025, 121/II.3.AU.21/SP/2025.

: Not applicable. No identifying personal data or images of participants are included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.