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Authors
Alslawy, Yousef Mohamed Ahmed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9643-4269
Satti, Wafaa Nasir Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0180-2039
Abdalla, Alshaimaa Hisham https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4804-2598
Rafai, Medrar Assadat https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9587-0685
Osman, Moshtaha https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0697-4929
Elnour, Waqqar Ahmed Bushra https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6146-4628
Mohammed, Malaz Abdelrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1140-1768
Mohammed, Ranya https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4874-4005
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: Due to the disruption of institutional review processes during the ongoing war in Sudan, formal ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum could not be obtained. This was consistent with the exceptional circumstances and suspension of routine IRB activities during the conflict. Nevertheless, the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki ensuring beneficence, non-Maleficence and justice.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
