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Article History

Received: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of School of Management , Zhengzhou University , China (Approval/Protocol Code: E-Z-2025001; Approval Date: 20 March 2025). All study procedures, including participant recruitment and data collection in Pakistan, were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines approved by this IRB and followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. At the time of data collection, Pakistan did not have a formal institutional ethics review system available for independent researchers; therefore, the Zhengzhou University IRB served as the sole responsible ethical body overseeing the study. All participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, participation was voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were assured. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to each stage of data collection.

: Not applicable.This study does not include any identifying images or personal details of participants that would require consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.