Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used de-identified secondary data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Ethical approval for the LSAC data collection was obtained from the Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS) Human Research Ethics Committee. As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data, no additional ethics approval or participant consent was required. Access to the LSAC data was granted through formal permission from the LSAC authority, and all data use complied with LSAC conditions to ensure participant confidentiality and privacy. All procedures involving human participants in the original LSAC study were conducted in accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (Australia) and the Declaration of Helsinki, as outlined in the LSAC data collection procedures.

: This study used secondary data and did not include any identifiable individual information. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.