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Authors
Luo, Ze-Yu
Guo, Lei
Xu, Ting
Zhi, Juan
Zhang, Yu
Huang, Sai-Nan
Zheng, Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-5657
Lu, Jian-Xia
Di, Jian-Zhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-2755
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (202510345046)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82370901)
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2026
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the study was approved by the institutional ethics committees with the following approval numbers: Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University 2019-SR-064, research ethics committee of Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine (2020002), and Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine 2022-J-016. All participants gave informed consent. For participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. Additionally, after the study purpose and procedures were fully explained, assent was obtained from the adolescents themselves. The homeroom teachers assisted in the distribution and collection of the questionnaires.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
