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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this cross-sectional study was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Jishou University (Approval No. JSDX-2023-0011), which covered the 2025 data collection wave. The data were collected exclusively for academic research purposes. Prior to data collection, the research team contacted the administrative offices of the participating schools to provide detailed information regarding the study’s objectives, procedures, and ethical considerations, and obtained written authorization from the relevant authorities. In accordance with ethical guidelines, written informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and confidentiality protections.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.