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Authors
Chang, Shu-Hsuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2625-8347
Tseng, Pi-Kuang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-0829
Wu, Jie-Ting https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2627-1128
Chen, Kai-Jie https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2171-0094
Cheng, Yao-Chung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-2636
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 114-2410-H-018-008)
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013, as well as relevant institutional and national regulations in Taiwan. This study was an anonymous online questionnaire survey of adult university students and involved no clinical intervention, invasive procedures, or animal experiments. Before participation, participants were informed of the study purpose, confidentiality safeguards, and their right to decline participation or withdraw without penalty. Electronic informed consent, including consent for research publication of anonymized data, was obtained prior to questionnaire completion. No direct or indirect identifiers were collected. Data were analyzed in aggregate, and access was restricted to the research team. Ethics committee approval was not obtained prior to data collection, and retrospective ethics review is not available at our institution once data collection has been completed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
