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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

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: Regarding the ethical review matters pertaining to this study, we hereby state the following:Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the “Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” jointly promulgated by the National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, and other departments of the People’s Republic of China, which took effect on February 18, 2023, this study falls under the circumstances exempt from ethical review as defined in the Measures (as the research utilizes anonymized data from which identifying information has been removed). Therefore, this study is not required to be submitted to an institutional ethics committee for review, and this approach complies with current relevant regulations in China.For specific legal references, please consult the relevant provisions of the “Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” officially published by the National Health Commission (link: ).Furthermore, The Declaration of Helsinki serves only as a supplementary statement for adhering to general ethical norms during the implementation of research and confirm that this research strictly adheres to academic ethical standards throughout its conduct. The acquisition and utilization of research data have been ensured to be legally sourced, and adequate measures have been implemented to protect the privacy and data security of relevant individuals.

: We have all read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission to BMC Psychology.All images presented in the current study, as well as any other details involving participants’ personal information, have been anonymized. -Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.