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Authors
Luo, Junqing
Deng, Jinsong
Zhou, Wei
Shi, Leiyu
Zhu, Qiuli
Huang, Zixian
Gui, Ruoyu
Cai, Xiangang
Hu, Guangli
Sun, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project of Guangdong Province
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
Research Project of Guangdong Institute of Modern Hospital Management
pecial Project on Teaching Reform Research and Practice in International Education of Southern Medical University for the 2024 Academic Year
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
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: The CLHLS study received ethical approval from the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-13074), and written informed consent was obtained from each participant or their authorized representative. The survey was in accordance with the ethical standards delineated in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Participation in the CLHLS is voluntary, and respondents are free to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
