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Authors
Liu, He
Chen, Long
Zheng, Jiong
Liu, Jiarui
Li, Yingxuan
Ma, Ying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Xinjiang University (XJU—2024JF17)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Department of Education (XJGXJGPTA-2024018)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Education Science Planning Project (HEN2025017)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Data collection commenced on December 19, 2024, following preliminary filing with the Physical Education Department of Xinjiang University. Formal ethical approval was subsequently obtained in July 2025 from a department-level ethics committee jointly organized by the Physical Education Department and Division of Social Sciences, which granted retrospective approval for the study protocol. We confirm that Xinjiang University does not currently maintain a central Institutional Review Board (IRB) as defined by international standards. All participants provided electronic informed consent prior to completing the survey, acknowledging the research purpose, voluntary nature of participation, right to withdraw without penalty, and exclusive academic use of data. All data were anonymized and stored on encrypted servers with access restricted to core research personnel. Given the involvement of ethnic minority students, the research team conducted sensitivity risk assessments to exclude politically or religiously sensitive content and implemented strict confidentiality measures to ensure participant psychological safety.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
