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Article History

Received: 20 December 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 14 April 2026

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Human Ethics Committee of Guangxi Normal University, the applicable national regulations governing research involving human participants in China, and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.The study protocol was reviewed by the Human Ethics Committee of Guangxi Normal University and was determined to be exempt from full ethics review because it involved an anonymous, minimal-risk questionnaire survey with adult university students, with no collection of identifiable personal information and no sensitive items. This exemption determination was made with reference to China’s national regulations governing ethical review of research involving humans, including the Measures for the Ethical Review of Human Life Science and Medical Research (Guowei Kejiaofa [2023] No. 4) and the Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research (former NHFPC Order No. 11, 2016).Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to participation via the online questionnaire. Participants were provided with clear information about the study’s purpose, scope, voluntary nature, and anonymity before proceeding. They could discontinue participation at any time before submitting their responses. All data were collected anonymously and analysed in aggregate.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.