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Article History

Received: 9 February 2026

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Sport University (Approval No. 2024LCLL-72). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For participants under 18 years of age, written consent was also obtained from their parents or legal guardians. All data were collected anonymously and used solely for research purposes to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of participants.

: Not applicable. This study did not include any identifiable individual data, images, or personal information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.